Once upon a time, I was in grad school. And what a time it was! A time when I found myself in conversations about things like genre and the ways in which one genre can get away with something another can’t. Though I never quite agreed. Chalk it up to my contrarian nature, but I was all for collapsing the distinctions between fiction and nonfiction, even fiction, nonfiction, and poetry, sure, why not?
During one class, a peer offered the following: “I prefer nonfiction. I like truth.”
This otherwise intelligent human actually said this!
As a means of bursting her bubble, I brought up some outside-of-class reading, specifically Charles Mingus’s memoir Beneath the Underdog. The book is fun, but obviously bullshit. Are we to believe that Mingus slept with that many sex workers in one night? Read it for yourself and judge.
Mingus’s book was not the first piece of so-called nonfiction to raise a red flag, but it remains my clearest example of a memoir that stretches the truth. Of course, I knew this was the function of memoir already, having read another jazz great’s nonfiction book, Miles by Miles Davis and Quincy Troupe. I also went to a reading by Troupe and heard him tell a story about working with Miles. Troupe had the audacity to fact check the stories Miles was telling him, the ones that were going in the book. When Troupe suggested that Miles’s stories were not lining up with the facts, Miles replied: “Quincy—whose fucking book is this? Write what I say!”
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The big blow to truth in memoir came when Oprah crucified James Frey. To save face once Frey’s A Million Little Pieces was found to be almost entirely bullshit, Oprah— who’d chosen the memoir for her book club— brought the author back to her show (why did he go?) because her loyal fans required a sacrifice after this terrible man tricked their daytime deity.
Frey, by the way, is an asshole. I have zero sympathy for the guy, though I do still wonder how so many readers could’ve been duped by his book. From the little I’ve read, he makes claims that are obviously false. Something about boarding an airplane covered in bodily fluids, him being all junk sick, as if the airline would’ve let him board in that condition. That, along with other tells, should’ve clued readers in.
I don’t think readers were blind to fabrication. They just believed what they wanted to believe. It’s an inspiring story (I’m told). Guy kicks junk, takes control of his life. We like that story. Why fuck it up with critical thought?
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My classmate’s claim, that she preferred truth to fiction, stays with me. It was with me when I wrote a memoir. I included a Vonnegut rip-off intro that offered some of what I stated above, summarizing the debate as being between truth and bullshit. I advised readers that what they were about to read was mostly true with a dash of exaggeration. I felt the need to do this because my publisher said it was a good idea. Any investigation into my memoir (as if that was ever going to happen) would reveal that some of the events were made up. Well, not really. There were composite characters, altered details, changed names, and recreated conversations that could never be 100% accurate. Too many years and beers— my memory’s not that good.
As I was writing this intro, I thought, “Jesus, who cares if memoirs are true?” Apparently, people do. A lot of them. Nonfiction is still very popular. We privilege experience over imagination. No wonder we’re such a sad society.
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Since I don’t get many reviews, they’re easy to avoid, but I try not to read them anyway. Especially after I read one very bad review of my memoir that cited the fact that so much of it wasn’t true. Of course, this more than hints that the Amazon reviewer (anonymous, of course) knows me, or knew me, and has some beef with yours truly. Likely candidates shall not be listed here; suffice it to state that there are many.
If the basis of the bad review is that I made shit up, well, fuck that reviewer. Again, who gives a damn? I didn’t lie in an irresponsible manner. (What a strange sentence.) And again: anyone reading a memoir should know that they contain traces of bullshit. You’re reading the account of events from one person’s perspective. You know the problem with that. You’ve seen Rashomon, right?
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Angela’s Ashes tends to get the recent credit (blame?) for the popularity of memoirs. It was a very successful book. Publishers, subject to the whims of the market and not all mavericks on a mission to elevate culture, naturally went looking for the next big memoir. And the next. And the next. The results were many, among them the furthering of nonfiction as a preferred genre and the expanding homogenization of contemporary literature. The market is a powerful thing, folks!
It’s not like Americans were devouring novels by the ton anyway, so I suppose anything that gets people reading is good. And there are some great memoirs and essay collections out there. (I can recommend a few.) Still, I can’t help but wonder if one of the effects of this truth over imagination thing is that readers began to insist on believability in everything they read. Hard to imagine an Italo Calvino book having a place in that world.
I don’t assume everyone cares. And even those who might make a passionate defense of truth, or even verisimilitude, in literature may not agree with what I’m about to suggest, but that’s hardly going to stop me.
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Thesis: We need narratives; we love them. But truth is not always interesting. So, when crafting stories from banal reality we tend to zhuzh things up, massage the facts, add some fun details born of imagination, exaggerate a touch. As consumers of narratives, we can’t admit that we’re enjoying bullshit. We need to believe these stories are true. This is a relatively benign practice, though I can also see the dark end of the spectrum. And it’s dark, so much so that I’ll still argue against devaluing fiction in favor of “nonfiction.”
Let’s talk about conspiracy theories.
In the book A Lot of People are Saying: The New Conspiracism and the Assault on Democracy, Nancy L. Rosenblum and Russell Muirhead make the point that there’s little theory in what we call conspiracy theories, at least the ones of the last few years. Theory requires something more than what the average Trump supporting truther or climate change denier peddles. The closest thing to a theory is what the QAnon folks believe, that a secret cabal of democrats are running child sex rings, that Hollywood elites are regular customers of this sex ring, that Trump knows about it and is on a mission to eradicate it, thus the need for him to remain in power. They believe that all the attempts to check his extra-legal behavior are really just liberal pedophiles and their enablers trying to keep the perverted party going, and that the liberals’ hatred of Trump has nothing to do with Trump’s many loathsome qualities and everything to do with stopping this man on a righteous mission. Because liberals apparently know about all this creepy sex ring stuff and are immoral enough to let it happen.
The irony of Trump being an accused sexual offender, and close pal of pedophile Jeffrey Epstein, is lost on these folks. No amount of evidence that challenges their belief is enough. Pizzagate being exposed as batshit crazy nonsense has not stopped the #pizzagateisreal hashtag from cluttering social media. There is a narrative, and no facts will shatter it. The best you’ll get is, “You have your sources and I have mine” as if all sources are equal.
That so many of the contemporary conspiracy theories (the racist birtherism that plagued Obama, the 9/11 was an inside job story, the Hillary Clinton is a lizard person insanity) are such obvious fiction matters not. Nothing will stop the locomotive of bullshit. Currently there is a segment of this country that believes that the 2020 election was rigged, that Trump won, that Biden is going to be an illegitimate president. Based on the shakiest of “evidence,” the theory gains strength the more we deny it. Of course, not fighting such claims won’t make them go away either. Damned if you do or don’t. There’s no getting rid of these weeds.
I wish I could recommend fiction as the alternative. If I am right, if our need for stories is that important, why wouldn’t a good novel (or a series of them) take the place of conspiracy theories? Well, obvious answer: because we know novels are made up. The fact that they are marketed as novels tells us so. This we cannot abide. But when bullshit tales are sold as truth— that plays!
Conspiracy theories are fun. They have drama, intrigue, political shenanigans, clear cut good and bad guys. There’s often sex. There’s almost always murder and violence and juicy stuff like that. And they make people feel smart. There’s a level of sophistication to some of these stories. Or at least a complex rabbit hole to fall down. They distract, describe what is ether too difficult to explain or astonishingly simple to accept. So yeah, a good John Le Carré book might offer something similar, but why read a book when there’s 8chan?
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What about movies, Vince? What about Netflix shows? People love those and they’re obvious works of fiction. No one believes the Avengers are real.
Well, yeah.
We’re more than willing to suspend disbelief when watching a story told on a screen. Movies and TV shows get a pass. But the critics of these shows and films almost always pounce on the smallest seam showing.
The split opinions generated by The Queen’s Gambit are a great example. Yes, it’s clearly unrealistic. As more than one critic/viewer has pointed out, chess matches are not that exciting. “I’ve been to chess matches. I can tell you that they’re dull. Not like in that show.” Of course, if the show accurately portrayed chess matches it would have very few viewers. But this is entertainment, remember? UGH. . . fucking poetry-assassins.
The implication that we must believe every detail of a piece of fiction has always irked me. I don’t give all obvious bullshit a pass, but a little is fine. A doped up, well dressed, cute little pixie who beats damn near everybody at chess, even when hungover and pilled to the gills— I can get behind that even if I know, yeah, it’s a dash unrealistic that anyone would be that good at chess. Or not. I don’t know and I don’t care. There’s a damn pandemic going on, folks. I’m indoors a lot. I like my distractions, and The Queen’s Gambit served me well enough.
I wonder if these critics penned smug take downs of Bugs Bunny when they were wee tots. Am I really supposed to believe that a rabbit can talk?
I’m not a big fan of Trainspotting, but I remember a friend hating the film because he said, “I didn’t believe any of those people were junkies,” yet he had no problem with Pulp Fiction, which is nothing but fantasy. Was his reaction based on the idea that Trainspotting is less cartoonish than Pulp Fiction? Because it isn’t. I mean, a guy falls into a toilet in the movie, so, um. . . ?
And there’s the other thing: whenever I see a film or TV show that begins with “Based on a true story” I have to wonder why that matters. But I suspect that viewers, consciously or subconsciously, afford the film or TV show making this claim a higher level of respect. This actually happened! WOW!
Why do we prefer experience, so-called truth, to imagination? What’s wrong with make believe? In some cases (the above referenced conspiracy theories) the consequences are huge, but in entertainment, why is nonfiction, or stories inspired by truth, somehow better than fiction? What do we lose when we toss fiction to the side so we can marvel at shit someone claims to have gone through? Do we lose the ability to imagine better worlds?
Let’s say we do. The obvious outcome of devaluing imagination has to be bad. I imagine (ha!) a society that accepts mediocrity, corruption, discrimination, inequality, and immorality as normal and dismisses ideas to address these wrongs as foolish. We all know politicians lie, racism and sexism are common, the rich get richer and the poor get poorer, boys will be boys, you can’t fight city hall, what’s the point? Pass me that burger/bottle/needle/smartphone.
Apathy, people! That’s the outcome of a failure of imagination.
Liberals like myself are often called Pollyanna optimists who delude themselves into thinking anything might change. Why bother? Nothing changes. Well sure, not with that attitude.
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Having run through 98% of what’s currently streaming (or so it feels), I was happy as fuck to see something new on Amazon Prime Video. Well, not new, as I’ve already seen The Big Short, but that didn’t stop me from giving it another watch.
Along with having a fine if infuriating story, the form of the film is admirable. The praised and (I’m sure) maligned fourth wall breaks are not exactly new, but when the characters glance at the camera and confess that a detail in the story is made up, or that this part actually happened, director Adam McKay manages to both subvert the idea of the true story and reinforce the concern for facts in storytelling. Despite a tale being based on real events, we have to know that it’s too good to be true. This thought being buried in the subconscious, it’s easy to ignore the bullshit, but McKay had to know that the inner critic would pick apart the wilder moments in the tale. So why not address them? Why not have an actor look at us and tell us that this part is bullshit? The true story of how a couple of kids stumbled onto a crazy opportunity is not as fun or cinematic, so why not confess the lie? By doing so, McKay allows the viewer to feel let in, to have their inner critic quelled a bit. Later, when another actor tells us that this part is true, we believe it because we know the film is willing to tell us what to and what not to believe. Both our subconscious understanding that all stories are at least a little made up and our pesky need to believe are fed. Kinda genius.
I wish more films would do this. And more books. Why not just come out and say it: the important word in “based on a true story” is “based.” There’s some finesse in here that’ll gloss over the mundane. Character names may be made up. One person may be a stand in for three, because one is easier to juggle than three. Dialogue is almost entirely invented. But the spirit is true. And the important stuff, the stuff you really need to know, is real. In the case of The Big Short, what we need to know is 100% true, despite the artifice that makes us smile. Because the 100% true stuff isn’t funny at all.
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I’m not asking that all stories structurally resemble The Big Short. And I’m not really arguing that people need to embrace fiction (or poetry) over nonfiction or jettison their love of true stories. I simply believe that we need to adjust our understanding of truth when dealing with art. What is the greater truth? Is it that war is hell? Okay, so if I get that message from Full Metal Jacket, a work of fiction, as opposed to Ken Burns’ Vietnam documentary, is the conclusion not the same? I may not grasp the entirety of the conflict, sure, but I’m brought to a different, equally valid truth by the fiction. Would a true story of doomed lovers be any more powerful than Romeo and Juliet?
Say Nothing: A True Story of Murder and Memory in Northern Ireland by Patrick Radden Keefe is a fantastic book. Chock full of detail— and photos lending veracity to the tale—the book is one of the best accounts of what the Irish call The Troubles that I’ve come across. But I picked it up because I’m a fan of Seamus Heaney, whose poem “Whatever You Say, Say Nothing” inspired the nonfiction book’s title. And while the poem, considerably shorter, could never be as packed with information, there no less truth in it. Why not read both? Might that offer a truer truth, a more informed understanding of the reality?
We might do better with a richer diet. Nonfiction with some poetry supplements. A couple of novels and some plays thrown in to offer spice. We’ll be as nourished, and it’ll all taste better.